Current Issue : October - December Volume : 2018 Issue Number : 4 Articles : 6 Articles
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) play roles in immune regulation during\nneoplastic and non-neoplastic inflammatory responses. This immune regulatory function is directed\nmainly toward T cells. However, MDSCs also regulate other cell populations, including B cells, during\ninflammatory responses. Indeed, B cells are essential for antibody-mediated immune responses.\nMDSCs regulate B cell immune responses directly via expression of effector molecules and indirectly\nby controlling other immune regulatory cells. B cell-mediated immune responses are a major\ncomponent of the overall immune response; thus, MDSCs play a prominent role in their regulation.\nHere, we review the current knowledge about MDSC-mediated regulation of B cell responses....
The nuclease Artemis is essential for the development of T-cell and B-cell receptors and repair of DNA double-strand breaks, and a\nloss of expression or function will lead to a radiosensitive severe combined immunodeficiency with no functional T-cells or B-cells\n(T-B-SCID). Hypomorphic mutations in the Artemis gene can lead to a functional, but reduced, T-cell and B-cell repertoire with\na more indolent clinical course called ââ?¬Å?leakyââ?¬Â SCID. Here, we present the case of a young man who had increasingly aggressive\nlymphoproliferative skin lesions from2years of age which developed intomultiple EBV+ B-cell lymphomas, where a hypomorphic\nmutation in the Artemis gene was found in a diagnostic race against time using whole exome sequencing. The patient was given\na haploidentical stem cell transplant while in remission for his lymphomas and although the initial course was successful, he\nsuccumbed to a serious Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia 5 months after the transplant. The case underscores the importance\nof next-generation sequencing in the diagnosis of patients with suspected severe immunodeficiency....
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the key leading cause of highmorbidity and mortality worldwide. Surgical excision is the most effective\ntreatment for CRC. However, stress caused by surgery response can destroy the body�s immunity and increase the likelihood of\ncancer dissemination and metastasis. Anesthesia is an effective way to control the stress response, and recent basic and clinical\nresearch has shown that anesthesia and related drugs can directly or indirectly affect the immune system of colorectal cancer\npatients during the perioperative period.Thus, these drugs may affect the prognosis ofCRCsurgery patients. This reviewis intended\nto summarize currently available data regarding the effects of anesthetics and related drugs on perioperative immune function and\npostoperative recurrence and metastasis in CRC patients. Determining the most suitable anesthesia for patients with CRC is of\nutmost importance....
Abstract: Strongyloidiasis is a helminth infection that remains under-researched despite its ability\nto cause significant illness. Women and children may be at particular risk of health consequences\nfrom this parasite. This systematic literature review aims to examine research on the long-term health\neffects that strongyloidiasis has in pregnant women and children. We conducted a structured search\nusing multiple databases to collect all primary studies discussing health effects of strongyloidiasis in\nthe aforementioned groups. The review included 20 results: 16 primary studies and four case reports.\nThe methodological quality of studies was substandard, and there was substantial heterogeneity to\nthe statistical analysis and outcomes assessed in the literature. Statistically significant associations\nwere found between strongyloidiasis and low birth weight, as well as wasting. No links were found\nbetween strongyloidiasis and anaemia. Due to testing methods used in the studies, the prevalence of\nStrongyloides stercoralis in these studies was probably under-estimated. Current research is suggestive\nthat strongyloidiasis has long-term adverse health effects on the offspring of infected mothers and\nin chronically-infected children. Data analysis was hindered by both methodological and statistical\nflaws, and as such, reliable conclusions regarding the health impacts could not be formed....
Toxoplasma gondii is an important foodborne protozoan that can be transmitted through infected blood containing tachyzoite form\nof the parasite.The current study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of T. gondii infection and related risk factors among healthy blood\ndonors in Boyer-Ahmad County, southwest Iran. Blood samples were taken from285 healthy blood donors who voluntarily agreed\nto participate in this study. Sera and buffy coat were isolated fromthe blood samples for serological andmolecular evaluations.The\nsera were tested for anti-T. gondii antibodies (both IgG and IgM), using a commercial ELISA kit.Thebuffy coat of seropositive cases\nwas evaluated for detection of T. gondii DNA by PCR.Moreover, a structured questionnaire, containing socioepidemiological data\nand possible risk factors, was filled out by each participant during sample collection. Anti-T. gondii antibodies were detected in sera\nof 48/285 (16.8%) participants. Only two of the subjects (0.7%) were seropositive for both IgG and IgM antibodies. T. gondii DNA\nwas not detected in buffy coat of any of the seropositive cases. Risk factors such as contact with soil (OR, 9.7; 95% CI, 4.9ââ?¬â??19.4)\nand consumption of semicooked meat (OR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.2ââ?¬â??5.03) were statistically associated with seropositivity to T. gondii. The\nseroprevalence rate of T. gondii antibodies in the blood donors of Boyer-Ahmad County was not high in comparison with other\nregions in Iran. In this study, consumption of undercooked meats, job, and contactwith soilwere independent risk factors associated\nwith T. gondii infection, which can be considered as potential sources of T. gondii infection....
Since the discovery of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) by Blumberg et al. in 1965, its genome,\nsequence, epidemiology, and hepatocarcinogenesis have been elucidated. Globally, hepatitis B\nvirus (HBV) is still responsible for the majority of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HCC is the\nsixth-most common cancer in the world and the second-most common cancer death. The ultimate\ngoal of treating HBV infection is the prevention of HCC. Fortunately, anti-HBV treatment with\nnucleos(t)ide analogues (NAs), which began with lamivudine in 1998, has resulted in remarkable\nimprovements in the survival of patients with chronic hepatitis B and a reduced incidence of HCC.\nThese results were documented with lamivudine, entecavir, and tenofovir. Nonetheless, as the\nduration of antiviral treatment increases, the risk for HCC still remains despite undetectable HBV\nDNA in serum, as reported by different investigators with observation up to 4ââ?¬â??5 years. In our own\nexperience, we are witnessing the development of HCC in patients who have received antiviral\ntreatment. Some have enjoyed negative serum HBV DNA for over 12 years before developing HCC.\nCurrent treatment with NAs can effectively suppress the replication of the virus but cannot eradicate\nthe covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) that is within the nucleus of hepatocytes. There\nstill remains a great need for a cure for HBV. Fortunately, several compounds have been identified\nthat have the potential to eradicate HBV, and there are ongoing clinical trials in progress in their\nearly stages....
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